Slasher Films in the Pakistani Cinema

Pakistan is a creating nation that has been battling for quite a long time in its numerous periods, extending from business to the film. Regardless of the tussle, it has figured out how to build up its film and broadcast business quickly. â€Å"Lollywood† is a term that was instituted once upon a time to captivatingly depict the film culture of Pakistan. However, as we as a whole know, in contrast with Bollywood and Hollywood, Lollywood, in greater part has not been a lot of well known. All things considered, upon significantly watching the broadcast business of Pakistan, one discovers that it is substantially more refined and effective as opposed to the film sector.Particularly, in the current occasions, the show or media business, as you may call it, is thriving locally as well as all around the world, connecting with numerous Pakistanis and furnishing them with twenty four hours of productive amusement. Pakistani Cinema has addressed an assortment of types which transcenden tly spin around narratives, shows, spine chillers, repulsiveness, sentiment and activity. This paper will, in any case, delineate and conscious upon a subgenre of blood and gore movies; slasher films in Pakistan.A slasher film is transcendently characterized as a thriller which includes the utilization of a ridiculous weapon, for example, a hatchet by a psychopathic slaughterer who primarily relates to forcefully killing various casualties. These motion pictures follow explicit artistic strategies where close-ups and enhancements are utilized in an assortment of ways, basically speaking to ladies as sexual items. The origination of demonstrating the â€Å"Final Girl† saving herself is the premier belief system a slasher film customarily centers on.Over the years, Lollywood has figured out how to achieve the two best blood and gore movies utilizing the genuine slasher and storyline methods; Zinda Laash (â€Å"Dracula in Pakistan/The Living Corpse†) and Zibah Khana (â₠¬Å"Hell’s Ground†) delivered in 1967 and 2007 separately. It is intriguing to realize that the ongoing creation; Hell’s Ground makes ceaseless relations with the multi year old film; Zinda Laash. Notwithstanding, the two eat up exorbitant measure of contrasts; with respect to the slasher film procedures and sexual orientation based study which will be talked about in this exposition. Dracula in Pakistan† was recorded in the late 60’s; in any case, when discharged, it sprang a course of dread among the Pakistanis. As indicated by (The Indian Express, 2012), a lady from the crowd was anguished by a coronary episode. It was likewise the primary film delivered in Pakistan to be ordered as â€Å"X-rated† alongside being screened at two universal film celebrations. (IMDB) Zinda Laash is considered as a counterfeited creation; an explanation of Hammer’s Classic â€Å"Dracula. † (The HotSpot Online) The plot starts with a researcher; Dr. Tabani achieving his test to pick up eternality followed by the presentation of his right hand; an ample lady who finds the â€Å"dead body† of the researcher and chooses to store it in a casket. To her amazement, the body wakes up and she is his first casualty. The story proceeds with a sleepy explorer, Dr. Aqil who doesn't think about the bits of gossip about the presence of the immortals to be valid, entering the house of the â€Å"Khabees Rooh†. However, he before long finds the veracity and decides to end the pattern of plague, yet is obviously futile.The film further rotates around a Dr. Aqil’s spouse to-be; Shabnam, who is additionally a survivor of Dr. Tabani and how eternality bombs her dreadfully. As freezing Zinda Laash may have been in the 60’s, it unquestionably isn’t upsetting according to the advanced principles. One may discover it thoroughly tedious yet funny simultaneously as it delineates charming and exceptional moves by ladies. Zinda Laash emphatically takes into account the â€Å"Male Gaze† all through the hundred minutes of its run time; from the prologue to the peak and the conclusion.Throughout the course, the crowd encounters a scope of move numbers by it is possible that one or numerous ladies. The underlying depiction of the sexuality of ladies impels when the associate is attracted by her â€Å"dead† manager in obscurity hours. The lady is wearing a knee length night outfit with uncovered skin and cleavage; distinguishing her as a sex object. For being a Pakistani creation of the 60’s time, the true to life procedures catching the body of the lady can be marked as â€Å"obscene. The assault shows erotic nature in the outward appearances of the lady with the languid development of closeness between the person in question and the aggressor pouring a feeling of sexual strain among the crowd. Followed by the alarming yells of the lady, savagery against ladies is featured essentia lly; a lady is feeble before a man. Afterward, as the exhausted voyager shows up and modifies serenely at the chateau after a warm greeting by Dr. Tabani, one notification Dr. Aqil setting a photograph casing of his adored fiancee he really misses. Dr.Tabani goes into his space to guarantee comfort and malignly respects the photograph by calling it â€Å"Khoobsurat. † It is cryptically strange how Dr. Tabani overlooks to make Dr. Aqil his next casualty who is in that spot and rather wishes to drain blood out of a lady. Pernicious considerations in a split second falter through the attacker’s head about the lady; further upgrading the savagery against ladies. As the night gets desolate and dim, one notification Dr. Aqil being easily occupied by the laughs of a lady; the vampire lady of the hour. He gets up to follow the laughs; his outward appearances noticeably uncover his inclination for sexual desire.Discovering the starting point of the chuckles, Dr. Aqil finds a ba ffling female, hitting the dance floor with â€Å"voluptuous sensuality† (The HotSpot Online) wearing a delicately lined white dress to draw in him towards her. There is irrefutably a meaning appended to the activities of the lady in this scene; she utilizes her sexuality to satisfy her need to take care of upon the man for endurance. The man at long last submits himself to her and is assaulted by the vampire lady. This clarifies how the religion of Islam fears the intensity of female sexual fascination over men.Imam Ghazali’s translation is additionally featured during this piece of the film; female hostility is tuned outwards and she explicitly allures men. Captivatingly, this event is irregular by Dr. Tabani; the vampire, who pushes the lady; by and by indicating the physical intensity of man over lady. Wretchedly, Dr. Aqil is chewed and is destined to procure eternality. In any case, before fronting his predetermination, he attempts to stop the unbelievable veracit y by utilizing a â€Å"knife† as the weapon of annihilation, however bombs appallingly. Indiscernibly, a move number is introduced directly after Dr.Aqil turns into a setback of interminability. This move arrangement is like the numerous others appeared during the film at odd stretches. This specific arrangement involved a lady moving wearing a half sleeve top and jeans before a horde of men in greater part. Obscenity strikes in her apparel this time, however in the development of her build in a state of harmony with the melody verses which were recited by a man as he made hand signals pointing towards the artist; â€Å"Udhar Jawani, Idhar Nasha. † The verses obviously demonstrate the inebriated men savoring the â€Å"jawaani† of the female performing.The subject of sexuality is fortified with the passageway of Dr. Aqil’s sibling as he is hindered with another move number, this time containing numerous ladies moving for their own diversion rather than one lady moving to engage a group. This move involves Dr. Aqil’s fiancee, Shabnam wearing shalwar kameez; the national dress of Pakistan, hitting the dance floor with her companions. In any case, the fitting of the garments took into account the male look by and by. The shirts are of typical length yet massively body-embracing from the hip, consequently plotting he body shape. These ladies likewise wore completely winged eyeliners and hair done smoothly, further stressing the sexual orientation socialization of ladies; how they are required to spruce up. The topic of men giving in for the sexuality of ladies is turned around when Shabnam frantically hangs tight for Dr. Tabani to suck her blood. On his appearance, Shabnam rests on her bed in an intriguing stance illustrating her shapely body and uncovers her neck; ladies externalization. By and by, sexual pressure is worked as Dr. Tabani goes near her neck and feeds on her.The distinction between the prior assaults and this once is Shabnam was eagerly letting Dr. Tabani feed on her; she felt delight. The photo underneath shows her precise situation on the bed. (The HotSpot Online) There is likewise a female youngster in the story who Shabnam means to benefit from. The inquiry here develops with regards to why there was not a male kid rather than a female youngster named â€Å"Baby†? Child continually made relations with Shabnam over the span of the film, for instance, she prodded Shabnam by grabbing Dr. Aqil’s photo from her hand and ran away.The film comes towards a peak where the family finds the Dracula Shabnam who proposed to deceive Baby and suck her blood out. Shabnam’s sibling goes up against her as she persuades him to embrace her; she chooses to benefit from him. This plot reaches a conclusion when Aqil’s sibling goes about as the macho man and pushes Shabnam away and cuts her to death by a knife. Man controlled society is advanced by means of this possibility too. In an y case, a move arrangement is an absolute necessity contribution at the zenith; this time a female wearing a sequin dress engaging a gathering of men by moving. Above all, we notice that the dupatta in a considerable lot of these move numbers is eliminated.The film further advances with the improvement of an intend to annihilate the immortals by Shabnam’s sibling and Dr. Aqil’s sibling. Zibah Khaana or Hell’s Ground, on the

Bilingualism - Definition and Examples

Bilingualism s Bilingualism is the capacity of an individual or the individuals from a network to utilize two dialects successfully. Descriptor: bilingual. Monolingualism alludes to the capacity to utilize a solitary language. The capacity to utilize numerous dialects is known as multilingualism. The greater part of theâ worlds populace is bilingual orâ multilingual: 56% of Europeans are bilingual, while 38% of the populace in Great Britain, 35% in Canada, and 17% in the United States are bilingual (Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia, 2013). Historical background From the Latin, two tongue Models and Observations Bilingualism as the NormBilingualismmore for the most part, multilingualismis a significant unavoidable truth on the planet today. In the first place, the universes assessed 5,000 dialects are spoken on the planets 200 sovereign states (or 25 dialects for each state), with the goal that correspondence among the residents of a large number of the universes nations unmistakably requires broad bi-(if not multi-)lingualism. Indeed, David Crystal (1997) gauges that 66% of the universes youngsters experience childhood in a bilingual domain. Considering just bilingualism including English, the measurements that Crystal has accumulated show that, of the around 570 million individuals overall who communicate in English, more than 41 percent or 235 million are bilingual in English and some other language. . . . One must infer that, a long way from being extraordinary, the same number of laypeople accept, bilingualism/multilingualismwhich, obviously, goes connected at the hip with multicultural ism in numerous casesis as of now the standard all through the world and will turn out to be progressively so in the future.(Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie, Introduction. The Handbook of Bilingualism. Blackwell, 2006) Worldwide MultilingualismThe political history of the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years and the belief system of one stateone nationone language have offered ascend to the possibility that monolingualism has consistently been the default or ordinary case in Europe and pretty much a precondition for political faithfulness. Confronting this circumstance, it has been neglected that by far most of the universes populationin whatever structure or conditionsis multilingual. This is very evident when we take a gander at the etymological maps of Africa, Asia or Southern America at any given time.(Kurt Braunmã ¼ller and Gisella Ferraresi, Introduction. Parts of Multilingualism in European Language History. John Benjamins, 2003)Individual and Societal BilingualismBilingualism exists as an ownership of a person. It is likewise conceivable to discuss bilingualism as a trait of a gathering or network of individuals [societal bilingualism]. Bilinguals and multilinguals are regularly situ ated in gatherings, networks or in a specific locale (for example Catalans in Spain). . . . [C]o-existing dialects might be in a procedure of fast change, living in amicability or one quickly progressing at the expense of the other, or once in a while in strife. Where numerous language minorities exist, there is frequently language move . . ..(Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones, Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters, 1998) Unknown dialect Instruction in the U.S.For decades, U.S. policymakers, business pioneers, teachers, and research associations have censured our students’ absence of unknown dialect aptitudes and called for better language guidance. However, regardless of these calls for activity, we have fallen further behind the remainder of the world in setting up our understudies to impart viably in dialects other than English.I accept the primary purpose behind this difference is that unknown dialects are treated by our state funded instruction framework as less significant than math, science and English. Interestingly, E.U. governments anticipate that their residents should get conversant in any event two dialects in addition to their local tongue. . . .[F]oreign language guidance in the U.S. is much of the time thought about an extravagance, a subject instructed to school destined understudies, more as often as possible in wealthy than poor school areas, and promptly cut when math or per using test scores drop or spending cuts loom.(Ingrid Pufahl, How Europe Does It. The New York Times, February. 7, 2010)

Coping With Cynophobia or the Fear of Dogs

Coping With Cynophobia or the Fear of Dogs Phobias Types Print Cynophobia: Fear of Dogs By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 15, 2020 Neti Phunitiphat / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Symptoms Complications Treatment View All Back To Top Cynophobia, or fear of dogs, is an extremely common specific phobia. Although snake and spider phobias are even more prevalent, the average person is far more likely to encounter dogs in his daily life. A phobia of dogs can be devastating, limiting contact with dog-owning friends and relatives and curtailing normal activities. Causes of Cynophobia Like most animal phobias, fear of dogs is most commonly caused by a negative experience with a dog, especially during childhood. Both children and dogs are naturally curious, and you may have been jumped on by an overexcited puppy or growled at by a large watchdog as you approached a fence. A large dog can make a major impression on a small child, even if no actual attack occurred. The negative experience need not have affected you directly. Many parents warn children about approaching strange dogs. A childs fertile imagination combined with an incomplete or even erroneous understanding of dog behavior could lead to a full-blown phobia of dogs. If a friend or relative was attacked by a dog, or a parent harbored an unhealthy fear, the risk of developing cynophobia is increased. Symptoms Like all phobias, the fear of dogs can vary dramatically in severity from person to person. You might fear only large breeds. You may be uncomfortable around live dogs but be perfectly content to view dogs in photographs or TV shows. Likewise, the symptoms of cynophobia can also vary. Common reactions include running away, freezing in terror, and attempting to hide. You might shake, feel nauseated or disoriented, or even begin to cry. Anticipatory anxiety frequently occurs in the days leading up to a known confrontation. Complications Because dogs are so popular as pets and companions, avoiding them can be nearly impossible. You might find yourself limiting contact with dog owners, even to the point of avoiding family gatherings. You may be unable to enjoy outdoor activities such as walking in the park, hiking, or camping since many outdoor enthusiasts bring their dogs. Over time, your normal routine may become extremely restricted as you attempt to prevent any accidental contact with a dog. This increasing isolation can lead to depression and other anxiety disorders. Some people develop a  social phobia and even agoraphobia as they become more and more unwilling to leave their homes. Treatment for Cynophobia Like all animal phobias, the fear of dogs responds quite well to treatment. Cognitive-behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and flooding are designed to help remove the fear and encourage more helpful coping skills. How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works Although these techniques are traditionally performed using live dogs,  active-imaginal exposure may be done. If you are given this type of treatment, you will be encouraged to act out positive behaviors such as approaching and petting a dog. Instead of interacting with a live dog, however, you will vividly imagine the dog. If your phobia is severe, medications might be used in conjunction with therapy. Certain medications can significantly reduce your anxiety, allowing you to focus on the therapeutic techniques. Although cynophobia can be devastating, it is extremely treatable. With a bit of work, there is no reason that you must continue to suffer.

The Cuban Missile Crisis The Most Dangerous Time

â€Å"The Cuban Missile Crisis† By the 20th century world conflict had claimed the lives millions of innocent lives displacing families and destroying homelands. In the in midst of the Cold War, tension grew between the United States and the Soviet Union and led to a stand-off between both nations over nuclear armed missiles placed in Cuba, Italy, and Turkey. The world was on the brink of catastrophe as two super powers were engaged in a competition to show military superiority. For decades, historians have debated that the Cuban Missile crisis was the most dangerous time in history. Within this 16 day span the world would be on edge, as the possibility of nuclear warfare was as close as it has ever been. Prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis,†¦show more content†¦Cuba’s economy flourished. The U.S. investments in Cuba were greater than any other country in Latin America, hence, Cuba had the largest per capital income in Latin America. ( ) However, Cuba itself wasn’t benefiting from the economy. The mortality rate was steadily increasing due to healthcare services not being offered in the more poverty stricken parts of Cuba. Most of Cuba’s inhabitants were illiterate and furthermore Fulgencia Batista was a corrupt dictator whose interest were solely in seeing American business succeed, thus, causing the people of Cuba to suffer. Cuba needed to be socially reformed. The social and economic oppression led Fidel Castro to begin the revolt for reform and in 1959 Castro overthrew Batista and seized power of Cuba. For the first time in 427 years Cuba was not subjected by any foreign power. Fidel Castro’s triumph was glamorized in U.S. media and he was invited to visit the states to meet with President Eisenhower, however, Eisenhower refused to meet with him. Fidel Castro’s ultimate goal was to make Cuba a sovereign nation, and rid Cuba of any U.S. influence. Fidel Castro’s nationalistic ideals differed from those of a capitalist ideals of the United States, Castro saw American business in Cuba as means of control and knew that he couldn’t address the real issues with the influence of the U.S. Castro began his reform by nationalizing many American owned

The First Round Of Tournament Play For The Silver Division

We officiated the first round of tournament play for the silver division. The teams playing were Northern Impact 16’2s team and Crex 15’s team. The first set was uneventful; however, the second set issues started to arise. Northern Impact had run a 5-1 in the first set and the second set, but with different setters. Issues started to arise as I called them first on being out of rotation as the setter was in the incorrect spot before the server on the opposing team had made contact. I then proceeded to call her on multiply carries. After the second time calling her, I turned to her coach and told her that the player in question had to quicken up her contact as she was almost catching the ball, bringing it to her chest, and then throwing†¦show more content†¦Specifically the parents being inappropriate and the players foul language and attitude. When I found the site director, I explained to her the calls I made and my reasoning behind them. She said she knew whi ch setter I was referring to and said that she had recently run a setting clinic to try to fix these issues. I also spoke about my concern over the parents behavior. I stated that I was disappointed that parents were acting this way and that I felt that the situation was inappropriate. I also expressed concern that my player had felt threatened to have an upset parent approach her while she was officiating. After speaking with her, I returned to the gym as we had to play Howard Lake. We played Howard Lake and won the first set. When we were about 13 points into the second match, I had another Northern Impact parent approach me while we were playing a match, when we weren’t playing their team, and accuse my girls of making racist and threatening comments to a Northern Impact player. I know that this is untrue simply by the fact that both Chad and I were by the girls the entire match and would have heard any interaction that would have taken place. I told the parent that this was neither the appropriate place or time to be having this discussion and I would happily discuss her concerns after our match. She continued to yell at meShow MoreRelatedProfessional Hockey Players652 Words   |  3 PagesNational Hockey League who are still excelling well into their 40’s, contributing on a nightly basis. They are Martin Brodeur, Teemu Selanne, Jaromir Jagr, and Daniel Alfredsson. Daniel Alfredsoon, the longtime captain of the Ottawa Senators, now plays for the Detroit Red Wings. Alfredsson is 41 years old and is currently second on the team this season in goals, having lit the lamp 17 times. With injuries to stars Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, Alfredsson has been able to step up and provideRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Athletes3520 Words   |  15 Pagesscouts come in; you can get scouted for middle school basketball as well as in high school. 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Childrens Drawings Free Essays

What do children’s drawings tell us about children’s minds? The topic of children’s drawings and their relation to a child’s cognitive processes, particularly thoughts is a topic of great interest. It is widely believed that children often express feelings, thoughts and messages which they cannot express through words through drawing pictures. This essay reviews previous research conducted on children’s drawings and aims to assess what exactly it tells us about their minds and what messages they are putting down in drawings. We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens Drawings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following an overview of drawing and the cognitive development, this essay evaluates a selection of relevant research studies into children’s drawings and minds and aims to understand some specific symbols which are often drawn by young children and the meaning of these graphic images. According to Thomas Silk (1990), children’s drawings have a variety of different purposes varying from bringing pleasure and enjoyment to themselves, decorating walls and expressing feelings and showing others how they feel about certain objects or people. N. R. Smith (1973) believes that the child begins the drawing with no intention or symbolisation, but as the drawing progresses a pattern is made and the child sees a representation and then proceeds to make the rest of the drawing shift towards this representation and builds on that. The basic pattern of children’s development of drawings begins at scribbles which appear from 12 months. The scribbles are non-representational and just involve the progressive control of movement. These scribbles tend to be viewed as gestures rather than drawing in true sense of the world according to Vygotsky. Arnheim (1956) believes that the earliest scribbles are a motor impulse, this simply means the child has no intention to draw a representation of an object or event it is just a coincidence. They begin to progress from 20 months of age where the scribbles being to become representational and the marks stand for whole objects. Cognitive psychologists tend to search these scribbles for visual resemblance where they attempt to make some sense of it. There is often some intended meaning within the scribbles, for example dots representing foot prints but not true representation. Symbolic pictures start to appear around 3 years of age where children begin to understand that pictures represent objects and begin to start drawing simple pictures of people. Over time more realistic pictures are drawn around 5/6 years old and at 6/7 years old children begin to use size, position and composition to show depth, those of which allow more natural representations of the real world and tend to have a more significant meaning. Luquet (1927) and later on Piaget Inhelder (1969) invented the Stage Theory of Drawing. This is the belief that drawings are external representations of the child’s internal model which is their mental picture. The stage theory consists of four stages. The first stage is fortuitous realism which occurs at 1. 5-2. 5 years old and consists of labelling objects in scribbles. The second stage is failed realism (2/5-5 years old), representational intention but tends to be inaccurate. The third stage being intellectual realism (5-8 years old), drawing what the child knows rather than what they see and the fourth stage, visual realism which is beyond 8 years old which is where the child actually draws what they see. There has been evidence to back up the stage theory, for example Freeman Janikoun (1972) conducted a study in 1972 on 5-7 year olds. They were asked to draw a mug in front of them which had the handle out of view. Results found that under 8 year olds who would be in the intellectual stage drew the mug which included the hidden parts as they would be drawing what they knew, whereas the 8 year olds and over who would be in the Visual stage drew only what they could see. However the stage theory has been criticised for the stages being too rigid leading to underestimating the child’s ability. Barret, Beaumont Jennett (1985) also found that instructions can have an impact on the child’s drawing. They found that if children were given standard instructions, i. e. just telling them to draw what they can see, only 11% of drawings would be correct whereas if they were given explicit instructions, i. e. draw exactly what they can see and look at it very carefully in order to draw it as you see, 65% of drawings were correct. It is also argue that the stage theory can vary over different cultures. The human figure is a drawing particularly investigated as it is regarded to be a way in which children express something about themselves. Researchers believe they can explain a child’s personality and their current emotional state. Tests were created to investigate this, for example the Kinetic Family Drawings Test claimed to measure how children felt about the topics in the drawing and their wider environment. However further research was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of this test and results proved to be quite poor meaning the test was not a reliable indicator of children’s emotions and drawings. However it is the more recent research which is providing evidence that children’s drawings do show children’s feelings as they tend to focus more on particular drawing styles, drawing size and colour which show that the drawings can be investigated systematically (Burkitt, 2004). This can cause some confusion though because it is difficult to understand what aspect of emotion a child is conveying through a large or small figure, however as this topic is increasingly looked it, it is coming to the conclusion that if the child is feeling happy and feels positive towards the figure they are drawing then the figure size tends to be larger whereas a smaller figure will be used if the child is feeling negative. This is useful in understanding how children are feeling simply by analysing their drawings. Children’s drawings are often described as a mirror of a child’s representational development, meaning that as children grow older they develop more complex and representational strategies of drawing. These are also furthermore differentiated by gender. A study conducted by Cherney et al. (2006) collected drawings from 109 5-13 year olds of the child’s family and school. The results showed significant age and gender differences revolving around the amount of detail included in the drawings of the school showing that females included more. The drawings also showed stereotypical drawings between males and females pictures showing that genders represent families differently. The drawings of the families suggested that the female’s drawings may represent their experiences with family relationships and they tend to value these relationships more than males. These results also showed that with age, the drawings became more realistic which supports the findings of several previous studies on drawing development with age leading to more representational drawings. Girls also drew the female figures taller than the boys which may be reflective of how she feels about the relationships in her life and that she values her fellow female friends more dearly. The taller figures can also indicate high self-esteem. It is suggested that differences in motor skills may confound the findings. The colours used in children’s drawings can also help play a part in discovering the child’s mind. For example Dr Winter (2006) states that when a child draws in dark colours such as black and grey, it does not immediately mean that there is something wrong with the child, however if the child is onstantly using black, grey and other dark colours in favour of other brighter, cheerful colours, it could suggest the child has some sort of problem which is worth investigating. A study by E. Burkitt A. Davis (2003) was conducted to investigate the use of children’s colour choice in drawings and how these colours related to what they thought of the dr awings. It consisted of 330 4-11 year olds. It was found that children used the colours which they preferred more to colour in the objects they thought to be nice and used their least favourite colours for the objects they thought to be nasty. It was also found that the colour black was the most frequently used colour used for the negative images. These findings help interpret children’s drawings just by looking at what colours are used and this will help give an understanding of the child’s thoughts on the object. So in general children’s drawings which use bright and bold colours tend to be viewed as positive and assume the child is experience happy cognitions whereas when a child uses dark colours it is assumed that the child may be experiencing distress and negative cognitions. However Burkitt (2003) criticised this and argued that when a child uses a dark colour it may not necessarily mean they are expressing a negative attitude, it could simply be that the child favours this colour and they want to express this in their drawing by using their favourite colour. The things that children may not be able to tell themselves can often be found through interpretations and observations of their drawings of graphic symbols. Previous research found the main and clearest signs found in drawings are over sized ears without earrings which could suggest the child is experiencing some sort of verbal abuse in their life, big hands in a drawing suggest that the child is experiencing some sort of physical abuse and aggression, if a drawing of a person has no mouth it is suggested that the child finds it difficult to communicate and drawings of a person with jagged teeth, spiked fingers and hair relate to aggressive behaviour. However to properly interpret children’s drawings, these patterns must be consistent over time and not just occur once otherwise it is highly likely it will have no meaning or representation and is just a random occurrence with significance at all. Wales believes that as we begin to summarize characteristics of children’s drawings and watch them develop and change throughout childhood we soon see that the observations that are made on the hildren’s drawings are in fact the product of our own interpretations and what we believe the picture is showing. The question of how children draw pictures which differ so much from adults is a major question which often causes debates such as is there actually a message there or is it just a typical child’s drawing which has no significance or meaning whatsoever. Many questions arise involving this research area once people attempt to make sense of children’s drawings, however many people believe children’s drawings should be left as they are without investigation as they believe it is mysterious and imaginative. The research looked into for this essay has shown that the main indicators used in children’s drawings which help to understand children’s thoughts, messages and emotions are the colours used and the figure size. The research into children’s drawings in relation to children’s minds has found many results showing that drawings do relate to the child’s cognitions however all research into interpreting children’s drawings and what it tells us about their minds can be criticised because it could just be that the child enjoys drawing something particular and their decision to draw what they are drawing is always influenced by their own knowledge of the object and their own thoughts and interpretations on the object and what bits are important about it. The drawing is a representation of how the child sees the world themselves and it is thought that to alter this information by adding adult interpretations and to investigate more into it is a shame. As the child’s cognition capacity increasing, children are more able to express representations as they move from simple drawings, to complex drawings. It is difficult to conclude whether these drawings actually represent something to the child or whether it is simply our own interpretations and representations. References Barret, Beaumont Jennett. (1985). The effect of instructions on view-specificity in young children’s drawing and picture selection. The British Psychological Society, 8 (4), 393-400. Burkitt, E. Davis, A. (2003). Children’s colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 445-455. Burkitt, E. (2004). Drawing conclusions from children’s art. The Psychologist, 17, 566-568. Cherney et al. (2006). Children’s drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational Psychology, 26 (1), 127-142. Chia, N. (2006, October 26). Understand your children through their drawings. LESNET Web Blog. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from http://www. lsesnet. com/blog/? p=28 Freeman, N, H. Janikoun, R. (1972). Intellectual realism in children’s drawings of a familiar object with distinctive features. Child Development, 43 (3), 1116-1121. Grieve, R. Hughes, M. (1991). Understanding children. 140-144. Luquet. (1927). Stage Theory of Drawing Meadows, S. (1993). Children’s drawings. The child as a thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood. 94-96. Thomas, G. Silk,A. (1990). An introduction to the psychology of children’s drawings. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Self-Reflective Assessment 1/ How did you search for and identify suitable reading for this assignment? Has your reading been sufficiently wide enough and does it make good use of peer-reviewed sources? I used Google scholar, e-library, books from the library and the references provided in the lecture PowerPoint slides to find suitable reading on children†™s drawings and children’s minds and it was sufficiently wide enough. All readings were suitable and related to the essay question. 2/ How does your Introduction orientate the reader? How well do you identify the purpose and scope of the essay, and outline your thesis? My introduction orientates the reader because I stated what the essay was about in general and I stated how it has been addressed by previous researchers. I identified the purpose of the essay well as I addressed the main issue of how it is believed that children’s drawings can explain a child’s cognitions. My thesis was outlined well as I summarised the structure of the essay and what it will include. 3/ What evidence have you used to support your argument and the points or claims you make? Are your sources reliable, and have you cited these at appropriate points throughout the essay using APA style? I used APA style to cite my sources throughout my essay. I have used evidence from previous studies conducted, journals and books to support my arguments and points made. These are all very reliable sources and have been put in my reference section also. 4/ How well have you critically evaluated your material? I tried to criticise and argue to an extent against as many points and argument as I possibly could in my essay so that more viewpoints come across giving me more to evaluate. 5/ How well have you answered the question and avoided unnecessary digression or irrelevant content? I believe that all of my contents are relevant to the question in one way or another. Every point relates back to what the children’s drawing can tell us about their mind and tried also to explain why when possible. 6/ How well does your conclusion summarise the overall argument and round off the essay? The conclusion summarises the overall argument well as it includes all the main, important parts from each study rounded up into one to make an overall conclusion. The essay is rounded off with a final and straight, simple answer to the essay question. . How to cite Childrens Drawings, Papers

To Kill Amocking Bird_theme Comparison Essays -

To Kill Amocking Bird_theme Comparison In my opinion theme with the most impact in 'To Kill a Mockingbird is Hypocrisy as shown in three main incidents . These are the teachings of Ms Gates about the atrocities of Adolf Hitler whilst she hated blacks ; the missionary circle trying to show how Christian they are while believing that to be a brother of Christ you must be white and finally the hypocrisy of the American court system in the 30's by saying they stand for justice. In Ms Gates' classroom we read about her teaching her class that the Jews are being persecuted against by the Nazi's. According to Ms. Gates this is un Christian and she finds these actions despicable. The hypocrisy of this teaching is shown as soon as she mentions the word 'persecution'.This is due to the fact that she herself is persecuting the black people of Maycomb by not raising an eyebrow to the killing of an innocent black man. This lady shows her blindness to the racial problems of the Deep South ( where she lives ) but feels a lot of empathy for the Jews who are being mistreated and slaughtered in Germany ( many thousands of miles away ) . The missionary circles in the 1930's working in the south of America show the two faced nature of white citizens several times in each meeting . One strong example that springs to mind is Mrs Mariweathers positive comments about a Christian explorer in Africa helping the evil savages see the light of Jesus Christ whilst on the other hand she condemns Attacus for helping an innocent Negro . These so called Christian women safely say well done to a man helping African black people ( who were happy with their lives in the first place ) but if anyone should help out a black person anywhere near them it then becomes 'Nigger loving' and should be condemned by all within the community. It creates a double standard by showing that as long as racial problems do not involve them directly they can be tolerant. The American Courts of the 1930's were also hypocritical.Truth and Justice were held as the most basic right for Americans. Truth in the Tom Robinson case was never a factor. The white jury knew that Bob Ewell had beaten and raped his daughter Mayaella Ewell and that Tom was innocent .But because a human being had more colour pigment in their skin it was assumed they would be guilty without question ,so truth was never a factor .Justice also the pride of the American legal system in the past ,and now but once again in the Tom Robinson trial ,no matter how much evidence was presented in favour of Tom to prove his innocence, justice wasn't done because Tom had more pigment in his skin than the jurors thereby he was assumed to be guilty. In my opinion members of the Maycomb community are trying to fool themselves into believing that they are model citizens and good Christians, even though a small number amongst them know that they are wrong to persecute and hate due to colour . Hypocrisy and racism were as much a part of Maycomb society as church and community spirit.